You should be able tojust see the thoracicspine through theheart.
Pitfall Due to Underpenetration
If the film is underpenetrated, the left hemidiaphragm (and leftlung base) will not be visible and the pulmonary markings willappear more prominent than they actually are
Inspiration
About 10 posterior ribs visible is anexcellent inspiration
In many hospitalized patients 9posterior ribs is an adequateinspiration
Anterior vs. Posterior Ribs
Posterior ribsare those thatare mostapparent onthe chest x-ray. They runmore or lesshorizontally.
Anterior ribswill be visiblebut are harderto see. Theyrun more orless at a 45degree angledownwardtoward thefeet.
How to tell the difference betweenthe anterior and the posterior ribs
10
Ten posterior ribs showing is an excellent inspiration
Pitfall Due to Poor Inspiration
Poor inspiration will crowd lung markings and make it appear asthough the patient has airspace disease
About 8 posterior ribs are showing
8
Same patient
Better inspiration and the “disease”at the lung bases has cleared
9-10 posterior ribs are showing
9
About 8 posterior ribs are showing
8
Rotation
If the spinous processof the vertebral body isequidistant from themedial ends of eachclavicle, there is norotation
If spinous process appears closer to the right clavicle (redarrow), the patient is rotated toward their own left side(above)
If spinous process appears closer to the left clavicle (red arrow),the patient is rotated toward their own right side (above)
Pitfall Due to Marked Rotation
Severe rotation may make the pulmonary arteriesappear larger on the side farther from the film
AP versus PAThe Effect of Magnification
In a PA film, the heart is closer to thefilm and thus less magnified
The standard chest x-ray is a PA film
In an AP film, the heart is farther fromthe film and is more magnified
Portable chest x-rays are almost alwaysdone AP
AP versus PAThe Effect of Magnification
AP portable film makes theheart look larger than it does…
On this PA film done on thesame patient an hour later
Angulation
If the x-ray beam is angled toward the head(mostly because the patient is semi-recumbent), the film so obtained is calledan “apical lordotic” view
Anterior structures (like the clavicles) willbe projected higher on the film thanposterior structures
Pitfall Due to Angulation
A film which is apical lordotic (beam is angled up toward head)will have an unusually shaped heart and the sharp border ofthe left hemidiaphragm will be absent
Apical lordotic
Same patient, not lordotic
Important Points
The factors to evaluate the quality of a chest x-rayare:
Penetration – see spine through the heart
Inspiration – at least 8-9 posterior ribs
Rotation – spinous process between clavicles
Angulation – clavicle over 3rd rib
What is technically wrong witheach of the following images?
The image is apical lordotic-look at the high position ofthe clavicles. It is alsounderpenetrated. You can’ttell if its rotated and thedegree of inspiration isadequate.
The film is underpenetrated.You can’t see the heartthrough the spine. Thedegree of inspiration isprobably adequate. Rotationcan not be evaluated andthere is a slight amount ofangulation. Incidentally,there is a largebronchogenic ca in the leftlung.
The primary technicalproblem here is the patientis rotated considerablytoward her own left side.Notice how thehemidiaphragm appearselevated on the side towhich the patient is rotated(red arrow).